2.
  -2024
..  

 (i)      (   )
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. ''    
  ?         
 
2.       
 
 ?  
-
3.     :
(a)      
()     
(c)      -AAA
(d)              
2.
4. , , -, -        
'          
-
5.   '  :
(a)       
()       
(c)      
(d)    ..   
6.        '    
-
7.      ?          
          
8.              
  
2.
  -2024
..  

 (i)      (   )
:      :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. ''    
  ?         
 
:    
       ',    
     - "  ," "   ," "  
"                 ,

   
,     , 
  -      -   
              -  ,  , 
,  ,        , ""      
        
   
 :        -    ,  - , 
   ,    
      
     
  
   - 
 1:    ?
   ,              
    ,       
     
             
2.
 :
  ” →     ,      
   ” →     ,      
 ,           ,  

,       :
1.  ()
2.  ()
 2:  -  
  , ,            
 , "" 
  :    ,       
 , " " 
  :   , ,   ,   , 
   ,  =  + 
 3:  -  
,              ,   
  
      
   '     
 :
""      
     -   '
   ,    ,        
" "   '      
  - 
, ,   
 ,  =          
2.
 4:  
    
        -       ,
          ,      
     
1.  
 
  (       ),     
(      )
2.  
    ( 
 ),      (  
   )
 5:     
    :
 1:     
:    (, , , ) 
      -
 "
, ,  
"
:     (- ,   )     
  -          
:   (  ,  ,    )    
   -     
 :      (    )   , 
    -        
 ,   
 () 
 ,        ()
  
 2: ""
   "" ,       - , , 
  
  " " ,     (    )  
 (  
,   )
2.
  "..    " ,        
   
   "      .. 5   ," 
                
, 
  ?   =  
 6:   
?
 
  , " ,           

  ?"
 :   
 
     , 
     ,    
   
 () '        () ' 
      
 
  :
   ""        (  " 
   "),     ""        
 
   "" ,     
 ,        

 ,       
        
      
 7:    - 
   
 
 :
         ( , " ")  ,
   - ,  , , 
, 
        
  (" ") 
()   ,   ()     -      
    ("     "),        
   
          
2.
 8:  ''   
 ,  
" "  ,  
     
   
            '   :
 (, )
 (, , )
        
 9:     - 
       
           
,     : "   " →     (
)
    : “  30   ” →   ,  
 (    )
 : “    '  ” →  ,  
  : “     ,    ” →    ,
    -        !
       -          
 10:  -  
        :
          
   
    (   )   (   '   
)  
      :    
,    
 ,   
      ,    ,     -  

            
 
 ,   
()    
2.
   ,        ,     
       
2.       
 
 ?  
:   
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
    ,   ,            
   :
  , "   "
   , "
,    
"
    
      ,  
   -   
   
  -          
   ,            
                
           
,    
      
󹺢    ?
  ',      
   :
1.    (A  A)
o   ,           
o :       
   ,  
    ,   
2. -   (A       A  not-A  
 )
o     
   
o :      -  
 
3.       (  A  
-A,    
)
o           ;     

o :   
  ,   

     

2.
  ,       
      
 
 ,     
 
󷇮󷇭    
 
 
                 
1.    (  )
       
 
""  ,       ,     
    ,      ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      
 ,       
  
2.    (-   )
       "  "  "  
" 
 ,         
       
 
             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     -      
   
 
3.     (     )
               
 :       ?
: "   "    ,  

       
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   
       '   
4.     
       '   
:
o     ()
o    
o  ,    (- +    )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     ,   
2.
5.   
    '    - , , ,  
 
     ,       ,   '
   ,     
      
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 
       ,      '    
1.    
            
 '  
:    , 
 "      
" 
   

  
 
2.   
 ,    ,   ("  "  )    
,       
:   ,   ;   ,  
;   ,
     
,    
 
          
 
3.    
   ,           ( "
 '  "   )
             
:     ,          
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
  
    ,        
    
   :       ,        
 
       
     
 
              
2.
     ,             
    
󽆪󽆫󽆬
   , -,         
    
      ,    ,  
   
   ',              
         ,       
  
-
3.     :
(a)      
()     
(c)      -AAA
(d)              
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌-:     
   
        '     
   ,   "  "       
,  
         : "      
 , 
   
"
,                
,               - ,
  ,     AAA  ,        - 
   -      -    
   
(a)      
󷊆󷊇  ?
2.
                   
                    
       :
"




"(   ,    )
"




"(    ,      )
 "  !"  "   !"    
 
    
 
 -       
 ,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         -  (S)   (P)    
    
󷊆󷊇    
      '    :
1. (           ):
o -:       :    
o :       
 :    


2. (            ):
o :       :    
o :         :   

o :       :    
󷊆󷊇    
 
    ,       ,  
 A, E, I, O     :
1. ( -)– “ S P :    
2. ( ) S 
P :     

3.  (  ' -)– “ S P  :     
4. O ( )– “ S P 
:    

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     
           
    
2.
()     
     ()          
    
        :
 :    
 :    
:  ,   
  -  
   ,        ,
         
󷊆󷊇   
1.    
         :
o   (P):   
o   (S):   
o   (M):    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       ,     
2.      
  -      
(   ,  -         
 , 
  S  P  
)
3.       
       ,         

, 
       
4.     
       
  ( 
" 
" 
" 
"   ,  
   
)
5.     
     
  (    ,  
    )
6.   
o     ,       
o    - ,    -   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        -  ,    
   
2.
(c)     -AAA
      :     AAA
󷊆󷊇AAA-1  
 :  M P 
 :  S M 
:  S P 
󷊆󷊇
  (M)   (P)
  (S)  (M) 
 ,   (S)  (P) 
󷊆󷊇  
     :
1.      S (), P (), M () 󷄧󼿒
2.  – “ S M M  󷄧󼿒
3.    P  
,       
󷄧󼿒
4.   - ,  - 󷄧󼿒
 ,    AAA    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    " "  -     
(d) II  IV        
       
        
       '        (M)  
         -      
󷊆󷊇  ( -)
 : , 
2.
 : , 
 : , 
 : , 
           
󷊆󷊇   
1.       (E  O)
2.    -      
3.       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 : AEE, EAE, AOO, EIO
:
   (P)    (M) 

  (S)  (P) 
 ,    (S)    (M) 

󷊆󷊇   
1.    - ,       
2.    - ,      
3.    -      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 : AAI, AEE, IAI, EAO
:
 (P)   (M)
 ()   ()   
 ,         (S)   (P)
󷊆󷊇   
2.
           ,  
       

             
          
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌:   
 
  '  ,        :
  
     
AAA-1            
-              
,     , 
  '        
                 - 
 
 , ,     ,        
4. , , -, -        
'          
:    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
               
        ,  -        
   
 -        ,      ;   
,       
                 
         
 
󹺢 
   ,          
 ,  A, E, I, O
( AffIrmo  nEgO )      :
1. ( -): S P :    
2.
2. ( ): S 
P :     

3.  (  ' -):" S P " :    
4. O ( ):" S P 
" :    

            '  :
 : A
 :
 : 
 : O
    -   
 
󷇮󷇭  
         :
1.  (A O, E I)
:                 

 ,     
 
:
o A ( S P ) ↔ O ( S P 
)
o E ( S 
P ) ↔ I ( S P )
:
o A:    
o O:   
  A  ,  O     (

  , A  ,   O  )
:      -     ,     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :        ,         
2.  (A E)
:            
 ,   
   
:
o A ( S P ) ↔ E ( S P 
)
:
o A:    
o :     
      
  
     (
      ,  
)
:     -    
,      
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       
  -  
   
3. - (I O)
:  -      
 ,      

:
o  ( S P ) ↔ O ( S P 
)
:
o :     
o :    
       (
 
  )    
  (
        -
   ,    )
:- -   -     ,     

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       
  -  -   

4.  (A → I, E → O)
:           
 , 
  
:
o A ( S P ) → I ( S P )
o E ( S 
 P) → O ( S 
 P)
:
o A:    
o :      A  ,           
,  A      

:    ,   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :     
   , 
 
5.  (I → A, O → E)
:             
  
:
o    A  
o O  E 
:
2.
o  :    ,   ,  A:   
,      
:    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :         
 
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   :  
  -    :
:     :    
:     
:    

:     
:   

   :
 A  ,  O  ()   
 E  ,  I  ()   
A  E   
 ,    ()   
I  O   
 ,    (-)   
 A  ,       ()
 I  ,  A  ()   
      
       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
       ,    :
1.   :             
'  
 
2.   :             
( ,  )       
3.  :   ,     ,   
  
 
 ,     ,        
 
                

 
2.
󽆪󽆫󽆬
           - , , -,
-,  - -             

 ,      ,         
  
-
5.   '  :
(a)       
()       
(c)      
(d)    ..   
: 󷊆󷊇   -   
          :
          
      ,
            ?
            
   
    
?
          ,    
    ?
        
,    
;   
        ,         
  
            
     -
    , , , ,     '      ,
 
       
  -     
(a)       
      ,    :
2.
1.  (  , , ,       
)
2.  (   -     
)
 ,             
     ,           
 
:              
  ,  ,  , ,  ,   , 
             

 :
o          
?
o           ?
o           
 ?
o          
?
o            
 ?
  ,             
; 
  
()       
           
   ,            , 
                  
  , "  
"
     
;        
   
           
,    ,          
           
2.
    ( ):   , "     
   "    ,   ,    '
           
    () 
,  
:   
  "   " 
 , "      ,        "
           
,     :   ,      
   (),   (),   ()   
 ,              :  
  ,     ,       
(c)      
   18
            
 ,  ,            
     !
 -      :  , "     
          "
    : ,      : 
   ,             

 :      
 ""  
        , ,  ,   (
   )  
 ,              
,
      
: ,          
   
          :     
 ,       ,       
(d) ..      
  ,   ,         
      , "    
!"
2.
  :          
,   
   ,            
   
   : , "        "
               
 
  :             
         ,       
   
 
 ,                

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    -    
           
         ,     ,   
  
 
             
  
       
 -   
   
                 
:
    :     ,     
 
    :    '        
    
 
    :      
,       
 '      
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸
   
;             
-     -    :
     
 
        
  '        
             
2.
 
   ,           
   
,  ,       
6.        '   
:      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
                  
     ,     :
      
   () 
 
      
          (-)
  
          
      
           
 ,           
? 
     
,     
           
󹺢     
 (1724–1804),          ,     
, ,    '  
    ,   '
   
   :    ',  ,    
 
  :   
 ,        

   :            -  
     
󷇮󷇭        
1. 
 ,            
, ,              
 -     -    
2.
:          ;     

          ,     , 
 '  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,   
2.   
                
        
    
 ,    
        
    ,     
:      
 
   , 
                ,  
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,   
3.  
                 :
 :" 
X  ,  Y " (,    ) : 

   ,   
 :"Y " ( ,  ,  ' ) : 
 
       :
1.   :
o "























"
o :        ,    :    
  ?            
2.        :
o "






 
,











,













"
o :       
 ;   
        
3.    :
o "



















"
2.
o :             
             
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     :     
 
,    

4.   
 ,   
  
       - 
       
     
        ,            
,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
5.    
              

      ,   
     
 ,
   
        
:            
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃     
      ,         

1. :   ,      
 
2.   :     
,       
3.  :  ' 
,  '    

1. :    
  , "  " 
            
2.   : ,     
 ,  
    
3.  :            
,   
        
   ?
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
  ,             
         :
  (   )
  ( )
 (-  )
 , ,               
󽆪󽆫󽆬
                 :
            
      ,   
      
     -        
 
 
  ',           ,    
      ,       
 ,      :
, ,  , , 
-
7.      ?          
          
:      
       ,       

 ,  ,           ,  
,       ',     ""    
 
 :               
?
2.
         
         
 :      ?    ,     , 
     , -        ?
   --  
 
1.    
     -        
    "" ,         
, 
, ,        
           :
()   
    : 
 
 ?         ,
 
 -            
  
   ,           
 
()    
    :          ?  
        ,       ,  
            
     
(c)   
  ,   ,         
              ' 
 
()   
  "   " 
       
      ,    ,  
         
 
2.
(e)   -  
   
       ,   
      
     -    
      ,         '   
 
(f)    
        :      
 ? 
    
 ,         
   ,        ,    
    
2.      ?
       
         = 

   ,    ,        
    :         ,    
        '    :
             
              

  -           
   
           

3.       
     
,         ?  
" "          
 
()  
                
            -  
   ,         - ,
    
2.
()  
    
    , 
               
,        '      
()   
      
       
  ,             
 
()   
                 
  ,   ,            
  
 
(e)    -
    ,   ,       
     
  -      
     
(f)    
         
,      
     ,       
  
(g)    
    ,     
    
    ,          -  
4.    
   ,       -   
    ,    ,     
         
   ,    
    -        , 
2.
   ,       " '" - ,
   ',      
 ,            
-,  -         , 
   
        , 
             -
  
              
 
5.     

    , ,        
         
 -   -  
     
   ,       
   ,         
   ,       
    '        ,     
   
6. 
          
   
        - -, ,    , 
  
   
 , "   
 ?"   
 
 ,              
,  , -,       
   ,   -    
 ,    
       
 
2.
8.              
  
: :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
   
              - 
                
         ,      
            ,       
            
    
 -       
  
      
,    ,     
            
󹺢   ?
:            
            :   
     ?
 , ,         
  
    '  :
1. -        
2. -      
3.    - "   "
4. -      
󷇮󷇭      
             
1.      
              
 ,   ,        
 
:  ,            -  
     ,        
:   ,        
   
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :          
2.   
        
      ,     

:        '     
:   HIV          

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :    (       ) 
  
3.       
       ,       '
:      -     ?  
     ?
:        '   
 :      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :             
4.    
     - , , 
:-19       ?
: ,          
          
 :    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :            
5.     
      
:            

:       
 :  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :       
2.
6.     
    ,        
:      
:           

  
 :  , -
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :       
7. -    
   

:   ,    '     
:         
 
 :, , 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 : -      
8.      
    , ,        
:        ,      
      
:             
    
 :  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 : -       
9.    
       
:         ?
:         '    , 
    
  
 :  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :          
10.   :     
,      ,     
: -         ?
2.
:  (CRISPR) " "     
 :, ,    -  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :      
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   :  
  :       
 :      ,       

 :      ,    
    
:          
󽆪󽆫󽆬
      
 -        

          
,  ,   
   
   - , , ,     ,  , ,
 , ,    - 
      
    
"               

       ,         "